The guide rail system enables the machine tool to obtain rapid feed speed. Under the condition of the same spindle speed, rapid feed is the characteristic of linear guide rail. Like plane guide rail, linear guide rail has two basic components; One is a fixed element as a guide, and the other is a moving element. As the linear guide rail is a standard component, for machine tool manufacturers, the first thing to do is to process the plane of an installation guide rail and adjust the parallelism of the guide rail. Of course, in order to ensure the accuracy of the machine tool, a small amount of scraping and grinding of the bed or column is essential. In most cases, the installation is relatively simple.

與平面導軌比較，直線導軌橫截面的幾何形狀，比平面導軌復雜，復雜的原因是因為導軌上需要加工出溝槽，以利于滑動元件的移動，溝槽的形狀和數量，取決于機床要完成的功能。例如：一個既承受直線作用力，又承受顛覆力矩的導軌系統，與僅承受直線作用力的導軌相比．設計上有很大的不同。

Compared with the plane guide rail, the geometry of the cross section of the linear guide rail is more complex than the plane guide rail. The reason for the complexity is that the guide rail needs to be processed with grooves to facilitate the movement of the sliding elements. The shape and number of grooves depend on the function of the machine tool. For example, the design of a guideway system that bears both linear force and overturning torque is very different from that of a guideway that only bears linear force.

直線導軌的移動元件和固定元件之間不用中間介質，而用滾動鋼球。因為滾動鋼球適應于高速運動、摩擦系數小、靈敏度高，滿足運動部件的工作要求，如機床的刀架，拖板等。直線導軌系統的固定元件(導軌)的基本功能如同軸承環，安裝鋼球的支架，形狀為“v”字形。支架包裹著導軌的頂部和兩側面。為了支撐機床的工作部件，一套直線導軌少有四個支架。用于支撐大型的工作部件，支架的數量可以多于四個。

There is no intermediate medium between the moving element and the fixed element of the linear guide rail, but a rolling steel ball. Because the rolling steel ball is suitable for high-speed movement, with small friction coefficient and high sensitivity, it meets the working requirements of moving parts, such as tool rest and carriage of machine tool. The basic function of the fixed element (guide rail) of the linear guide rail system is like a bearing ring, a bracket for installing steel balls, and the shape is "V". The bracket wraps the top and two sides of the guide rail. In order to support the working parts of the machine tool, a set of linear guide rails has at least four supports. For supporting large working parts, the number of supports can be more than four.

機床的工作部件移動時，鋼球就在支架溝槽中循環流動，把支架的磨損量分攤到各個鋼球上，從而延長直線導軌的使用壽命。為了支架與導軌之間的間隙，預加負載能提高導軌系統的穩定性，預加負荷的獲得．是在導軌和支架之間安裝超尺寸的鋼球。鋼球直徑公差為±20微米，以0.5微米為增量，將鋼球篩選分類，分別裝到導軌上，預加負載的大小，取決于作用在鋼球上的作用力。如果作用在鋼球上的作用力太大，鋼球經受預加負荷時間過長，導致支架運動阻力大。這里就有一個平衡作用問題；為了提高系統的靈敏度，減少運動阻力，相應地要減少預加負荷，而為了提高運動精度和精度的保持性，要求有足夠的預加負數，這是矛盾的兩方面。

When the working parts of the machine tool move, the steel balls will circulate in the support groove, and the wear of the support will be allocated to each steel ball, so as to prolong the service life of the linear guide rail. In order to eliminate the gap between the support and the guide rail, preloading can improve the stability of the guide rail system. The acquisition of preloading is to install oversized steel balls between the guide rail and the support. The diameter tolerance of the steel ball is ± 20 microns. The steel balls are screened and classified in increments of 0.5 microns and installed on the guide rail respectively. The size of the preload depends on the force acting on the steel ball. If the force acting on the steel ball is too large, the steel ball will withstand preloading for too long, resulting in high resistance to support movement. There is a problem of balance here; In order to improve the sensitivity of the system and reduce the motion resistance, it is necessary to reduce the preload accordingly. In order to improve the motion accuracy and accuracy retention, it is required to have enough preload negative numbers, which are two contradictory aspects.

工作時間過長，鋼球開始磨損，作用在鋼球上的預加負載開始減弱，導致機床工作部件運動精度的降低。如果要保持初始精度，更換導軌支架，甚更換導軌。如果導軌系統已有預加負載作用。系統精度已喪失，一的方法是更換滾動元件。

If the working time is too long, the steel ball begins to wear, and the preload acting on the steel ball begins to weaken, resulting in the reduction of the motion accuracy of the working parts of the machine tool. If you want to maintain the initial accuracy, replace the guide rail bracket, or even replace the guide rail. If the guide rail system has been preloaded. The accuracy of the system has been lost. The first way is to replace the rolling elements.

導軌系統的設計，力求固定元件和移動元件之間有大的接觸面積，這不但能提高系統的承載能力，而且系統能承受間歇切削或重力切削產生的沖擊力，把作用力廣泛擴散，擴大承受力的面積。為了實現這一點，導軌系統的溝槽形狀有多種多樣，具有代表性的有兩種，一種稱為哥待式(尖拱式)，形狀是半園的延伸，接觸點為頂點；另一種為園弧形，同樣能起相同的作用。無論哪一種結構形式，目的只有一個，力求更多的滾動鋼球半徑與導軌接觸(固定元件)。決定系統性能特點的因素是：滾動元件怎樣與導軌接觸，這是問題的關鍵。

The design of guide rail system strives to have a large contact area between fixed components and moving components, which can not only improve the bearing capacity of the system, but also withstand the impact force generated by intermittent cutting or gravity cutting, widely spread the force and expand the bearing area. In order to achieve this, the groove shapes of the guide rail system are diverse, and there are two representative ones. One is called the Godot type (pointed arch type), whose shape is the extension of the half circle, and the contact point is the vertex; The other is circular arc, which can also play the same role. No matter which structural form, there is only one purpose, and strive to make more rolling ball radius contact with the guide rail (fixed elements). The factor that determines the performance characteristics of the system is how the rolling element contacts the guide rail, which is the key to the problem.

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