絲杠導軌：精密機械中常用傳動部件  絲杠導軌為核心傳動部件，直接影響設(shè)備精度和穩(wěn)定性

　　Lead screw guide: The most commonly used transmission component in precision machinery is the lead screw guide, which is the core transmission component and directly affects the accuracy and stability of the equipment

　　滾珠絲杠是將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換成線性運動的理想傳動裝置，主要由絲杠軸、螺母、滾 珠以及循環(huán)部件組成。絲杠軸、螺母和端蓋 (一類滾珠循環(huán)部件，此處以“端蓋式循環(huán)” 為例解釋滾珠絲杠傳動原理) 上都制有圓弧形螺旋槽，將它們套裝在一起時，這些槽對 合起來就形成了螺旋通道，滾珠能夠在通道內(nèi)循環(huán)滾動。當絲杠相對于螺母旋轉(zhuǎn)時，滾 珠在滾道內(nèi)自轉(zhuǎn)，同時又在封閉的滾道內(nèi)循環(huán)運動，使絲杠和螺母相對產(chǎn)生軸向運動。滾珠絲杠主要可分為內(nèi)循環(huán)和外循環(huán)兩大類，外循環(huán)中又可再分為端部導流、管循 環(huán)和端蓋式。外循環(huán)式滾珠絲杠運動時，部分滾珠與絲杠不接觸，其優(yōu)點為工藝簡單且 易于制造，而缺點為效率較低；內(nèi)循環(huán)式滾珠絲杠運動時，滾珠始終與絲杠接觸，適用 于高速高敏高剛度場景，但缺點為加工困難。

　　Ball screw is an ideal transmission device that converts rotational motion into linear motion, mainly composed of a screw shaft, nut, ball, and circulating components. The screw shaft, nut, and end cap (a type of ball screw circulation component, here taking the "end cap circulation" as an example to explain the principle of ball screw transmission) are all made with circular arc-shaped spiral grooves. When they are fitted together, these grooves match to form a spiral channel, and the ball can circulate and roll in the channel. When the screw rotates relative to the nut, the ball rotates on its own in the raceway, while also circulating in the closed raceway, causing axial motion between the screw and nut. Ball screws can be mainly divided into two categories: internal circulation and external circulation. External circulation can be further divided into end guide, tube circulation, and end cap type. When the external circulation ball screw moves, some of the balls do not come into contact with the screw, which has the advantages of simple process and easy manufacturing, but the disadvantage is low efficiency; When the internal circulation ball screw moves, the ball is always in contact with the screw, which is suitable for high-speed, high-sensitivity, and high stiffness scenarios, but the disadvantage is that it is difficult to process.

　　相較普通滑動絲杠，滾珠絲杠使用滾珠傳遞運動，具有傳動效率高、定位精度高和 傳動剛度大等明顯優(yōu)勢。滑動絲杠的優(yōu)點在于結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、加工方便、成本低和能自鎖， 缺點是摩擦阻力大，易磨損，傳動效率低。目前已逐步被滾珠絲杠所替代，但在部分需 要自鎖功能和對精度傳動效率要求不高的場景仍有應(yīng)用。

　　Compared to ordinary sliding screws, ball screws use ball bearings to transmit motion, which has obvious advantages such as high transmission efficiency, high positioning accuracy, and high transmission stiffness. The advantages of sliding screw are simple structure, easy processing, low cost, and self-locking ability. The disadvantages are high frictional resistance, easy wear, and low transmission efficiency. At present, it has gradually been replaced by ball screws, but it still has applications in some scenarios that require self-locking function and low precision transmission efficiency requirements.

　　導軌副實現(xiàn)支撐和機械導向作用，主要由導軌和滑座組成。導軌副，簡稱導軌。一 副導軌主要由兩部分組成：在工作時固定不動，起到支撐作用的部分稱為支承導軌 (或 導軌)；另一個相對支承導軌作直線或回轉(zhuǎn)運動，起到機械導向作用的部分稱為滑座。常 用導軌種類包括一般滑動導軌、滾動導軌、流體介質(zhì)摩擦導軌等，其中滾動導軌摩擦系 數(shù)小，故運動靈敏且定位精度高。

　　The guide rail pair provides support and mechanical guidance, mainly composed of guide rails and sliding seats. Guide rail pair, abbreviated as guide rail. A pair of guide rails mainly consists of two parts: the part that is fixed and plays a supporting role during operation is called a supporting guide rail (or guide rail); The part that performs linear or rotational motion relative to the supporting guide rail and plays a mechanical guiding role is called a slide. The commonly used types of guide rails include general sliding guide rails, rolling guide rails, fluid medium friction guide rails, etc. Among them, rolling guide rails have a small friction coefficient, so they are sensitive to motion and have high positioning accuracy.

　　滾珠絲杠精度等級劃分標準是任取長度為 300MM 的一段絲杠，測量實際移動距離 和理想移動距離的偏差，偏差越小，精度越高。按國內(nèi)分類，精度等級有 P1、P2、P3、 P4、P5、P7、P10；日本、韓國和臺灣省采用 JS 等級即 CO、C1、C2、C3、C5、 C7、C10；歐洲采用的標準是 ITO、IT1、 IT2、 IT3、IT4、IT5、IT7、IT10。通常 情況下，普通機械采用 C7、C10 級別絲杠即可滿足加工要求；數(shù)控設(shè)備一般需要 C3、 C5 級別絲杠，其內(nèi)大部分數(shù)控機床配套 C5 級絲杠。航空制造設(shè)備、精密投影及三 坐標測量設(shè)備等一般采用 C3、C2 級別絲杠。直線導軌精度按行走 100mm 的平行度劃分，可分為普通級（C）、（H）、精密 級（P）、超精密級（SP）與超高精密級（UP）五個等級，其中平行度是指將導軌以螺栓 固定在基準面上，使滑塊在導軌全長上運行時，滑塊與導軌基準面之間的平行度誤差。

　　The standard for classifying the accuracy level of ball screws is to measure the deviation between the actual movement distance and the ideal movement distance of any screw with a length of 300MM. The smaller the deviation, the higher the accuracy. According to domestic classification, the accuracy level includes P1 P2、P3、 P4、P5、P7、P10； Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, China Province of China adopt JS grade, namely CO C1、C2、C3、C5、 C7、C10； The standards adopted by European countries are ITO IT1、 IT2、 IT3、IT4、IT5、IT7、IT10。 Under normal circumstances, ordinary machinery can meet processing requirements by using C7 and C10 grade lead screws; Numerical control equipment generally requires C3 and C5 grade screws, with most domestic CNC machine tools being equipped with C5 grade screws. Aviation manufacturing equipment, precision projection and coordinate measuring equipment generally use C3 and C2 grade screws. The accuracy of linear guides can be divided into five levels based on a parallelism of 100mm, including ordinary level (C), advanced level (H), precision level (P), ultra precision level (SP), and ultra high precision level (UP). Parallelism refers to the parallelism error between the slider and the guide rail reference plane when the guide rail is bolted to the reference plane and the slider runs along the entire length of the guide rail.

　　從市場空間來看，全球滾珠絲杠市場規(guī)模穩(wěn)健增長，已成為重要的消費市場 之一，長期成長空間可觀。根據(jù)公司招股書，2016 -2021 年全球滾珠絲杠市場規(guī)模從 13.1 億美元增長 17.5 億美元；同期我國滾珠絲杠市場規(guī)模從 16.8 億元增長 25.6 億元， CAGR 為 8.8%。已成為滾珠絲杠產(chǎn)品重要的消費市場之一，約占全球規(guī)模總量的20%左右。目前沒有權(quán)威機構(gòu)對導軌銷售規(guī)模情況進行追蹤統(tǒng)計，但導軌與滾珠絲杠常常配套 使用和采購，生產(chǎn)端（主流廠商同時生產(chǎn)絲杠和導軌）便可基于過去生產(chǎn)實踐，對兩者 的市場規(guī)模之比做出合理估計。根據(jù)我們的草根調(diào)研，滾珠絲杠和導軌的市場規(guī)模之比 約為 1：4，即滾珠絲杠&導軌的整體市場空間可基于滾珠絲杠市場規(guī)模值的五倍進行推 算。根據(jù)我們測算，2021 年全球滾珠絲杠&導軌市場空間約為 87.5 億美元，國內(nèi)滾珠絲 杠&導軌市場空間約為 127.8 億元。

　　From the perspective of market space, the global ball screw market is steadily growing in size, and China has become one of the most important consumer markets with considerable long-term growth potential. According to the company's prospectus, the global ball screw market grew from $1.31 billion to $1.75 billion from 2016 to 2021; During the same period, the market size of ball screws in China increased from 1.68 billion yuan to 2.56 billion yuan, with a CAGR of 8.8%. China has become one of the important consumer markets for ball screw products, accounting for about 20% of the global total. At present, there is no authoritative institution that tracks and statistics the sales scale of guide rails. However, guide rails and ball screws are often used and purchased together, and the production end (mainstream manufacturers produce both screws and guide rails) can make reasonable estimates of the market size ratio of the two based on past production practices. According to our grassroots research, the market size ratio of ball screws to guide rails is about 1:4, which means that the overall market space of ball screws and guide rails can be calculated based on five times the market size value of ball screws. According to our calculations, the global market space for ball screws and guide rails in 2021 is approximately 8.75 billion US dollars, while the domestic market space for ball screws and guide rails is approximately 12.78 billion yuan.

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