絲杠導(dǎo)軌是直線傳動(dòng)產(chǎn)品。絲杠和導(dǎo)軌可配合組成一套直線運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)； 其中絲杠負(fù)責(zé)定位，并將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)，驅(qū)動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌運(yùn)動(dòng)；導(dǎo)軌負(fù)責(zé)將 部件傳輸目標(biāo)位置。在機(jī)床中，一般是 2 套直線導(dǎo)軌副及 1 套滾珠絲杠副組成 一個(gè)方向的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；以 X 軸為例，工作臺(tái)、絲杠螺母和滑塊三者相互連接， 實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)工作臺(tái)高頻度、高精度的定位。

Screw guide is a linear transmission product. The screw and guide rail can be combined to form a linear motion system; The screw is responsible for positioning and converting rotational motion into linear motion, driving the guide rail motion; The guide rail is responsible for transporting the components to the target position. In machine tools, a linear motion system is generally composed of two sets of linear guide pairs and one set of ball screw pairs in one direction; Taking the X-axis as an example, the worktable, screw nut, and slider are interconnected to achieve high-frequency and high-precision positioning of the worktable.

絲杠的作用是將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。絲杠將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。按照絲杠的摩擦特性，可分為梯形絲杠、滾珠 絲杠、行星滾柱絲杠。 （1）梯形絲杠：也稱(chēng)滑動(dòng)絲杠，牙型多為梯形，螺母和絲杠軸直接接觸，運(yùn)動(dòng) 時(shí)產(chǎn)生滑動(dòng)摩擦力。 （2）滾珠絲杠：在絲杠與螺母旋之間放置適量滾珠作為中間傳動(dòng)體，運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn) 生滾動(dòng)摩擦力。 （3）行星滾柱絲杠：在主螺紋絲杠的周?chē)?，按行星式布?6-12 個(gè)螺紋滾柱，基 本結(jié)構(gòu)與滾珠絲杠相似，區(qū)別在于載荷傳遞元件為螺紋滾柱，而非滾珠。滾柱和 絲杠之間是線接觸，接觸面大大增加，因此具有高剛性、高承載能力，比同規(guī)格 滾珠絲杠副高出 3 倍以上。

The function of a screw is to convert rotational motion into linear motion. The screw converts rotational motion into linear motion. According to the friction characteristics of screw, it can be divided into trapezoidal screw, ball screw, and planetary roller screw. (1) Trapezoidal lead screw: also known as sliding lead screw, the tooth shape is mostly trapezoidal, and the nut and lead screw shaft are in direct contact, generating sliding friction during movement. (2) Ball screw: A suitable amount of ball is placed between the screw and the nut as an intermediate transmission body, generating rolling friction during movement. (3) Planetary roller screw: 6-12 threaded rollers are arranged in a planetary pattern around the main threaded screw. The basic structure is similar to that of a ball screw, but the difference is that the load transmission element is a threaded roller rather than a ball. The contact between the roller and the screw is linear, and the contact surface is greatly increased, therefore it has high rigidity and high load-bearing capacity, which is more than three times higher than that of the same specification ball screw.

滾珠絲杠因傳動(dòng)效率高、壽命長(zhǎng)，是目前主流的絲杠產(chǎn)品。梯形絲杠的摩擦阻力 大，傳動(dòng)效率一般低于 4成 ，磨損快、使用壽命短，不能滿足現(xiàn)代機(jī)械傳動(dòng)在高 速度、高精度等方面的要求。滾珠絲杠磨損小，傳動(dòng)效率能達(dá)到 9成以上，使用壽命更長(zhǎng)，是主流的絲杠產(chǎn)品。行星滾柱絲杠雖然性能高，但制造難 度大、成本高，目前商業(yè)化應(yīng)用較少，主要用于重載和高可靠性要求的場(chǎng)合，如 核潛艇、核電站、重型軍事裝備、冶金設(shè)備及重型數(shù)控機(jī)床等。

Ball screws are currently the mainstream screw products due to their high transmission efficiency and long lifespan. The friction resistance of trapezoidal screw is high, the transmission efficiency is generally less than 40%, the wear is fast, and the service life is short, which cannot meet the requirements of modern mechanical transmission in high-speed, high-precision and other aspects. Ball screws have low wear, transmission efficiency can reach over 90%, and longer service life, making them mainstream screw products. Although planetary roller screw has high performance, it is difficult to manufacture and costly. Currently, its commercial application is limited, mainly used in heavy-duty and high reliability requirements, such as nuclear submarines, nuclear power plants, heavy military equipment, metallurgical equipment, and heavy CNC machine tools.

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